Thus, the fight against investiture continued. Henry V was also as unwilling to change anything with investiture. Learn more about heretics and heresy.
After almost 50 years of the Investiture Controversy, the papacy and the empire finally made a compromise. This seemingly temporary solution was called the Concordat of Worms. The new bishops and abbots would no longer need to be given their authority by the empire.
The empire would also no longer appoint bishops and abbots, and there will always be an election to choose one. In return, the popes agreed that the emperors could have a representative in the elections. Direct interference was not allowed, but the emperor or his representative could indicate their preferred candidate somehow. Also, in case of a disputed election where the results were unclear or two candidates had been elected, the emperor would decide which candidate to get elected.
This meant the emperors could still manipulate elections, but less openly. Learn more about the chivalric code. As Germany was busy with the Investiture Controversy, members of the German nobility kept building stone castles to gain control over people of their regions and declare lordship. The legal disintegration made Germany weaker. Even though the Investiture Controversy had nothing to do with the structures of the empire and only wanted to liberate the papacy, it hit the pedestals hard.
As France was getting stronger, Germany was getting weaker. However, the real conflict remained until the papacy used Crusades against the Holy Roman Empire and created a much bigger historical event, which was much more bitter than the Investiture. The Investiture Controversy led to a war between the Germans and Rome. The Normans marched to Rome from southern Italy to defend the pope as well. After the Investiture Controversy broke out, eventually a war followed.
Gregory VII was afraid that he would lose, but the Normans came to the rescue and fought alongside him. Also, they agreed to stop the practice of appointing bishops and abbots.
In return, popes agreed that emperors could retain some control over the election of bishops and abbots. By Philip Daileader, P. The papacy had some power over the state, but it was mainly the other way around. When Henry IV got the throne, he was too young to control everything, and the papacy seized the opportunity. An opportunity came in when six-year-old Henry IV became the German king; the reformers took advantage of his young age and inability to react by seizing the papacy by force.
In a church council in Rome declared, with In Nomine Domini , that leaders of the nobility would have no part in the selection of popes, and created the College of Cardinals as a body of electors made up entirely of church officials. Once Rome regained control of the election of the pope, it was ready to attack the practice of investiture and simony on a broad front. One clause asserted that the deposal of an emperor was under the sole power of the pope.
It declared that the Roman church was founded by God alone—that the papal power was the sole universal power. By this time, Henry IV was no longer a child, and he continued to appoint his own bishops. He reacted to this declaration by sending Gregory VII a letter in which he withdrew his imperial support of Gregory as pope in no uncertain terms. The situation was made even more dire when Henry IV installed his chaplain, Tedald, a Milanese priest, as Bishop of Milan when another priest of Milan, Atto, had already been chosen by the pope for candidacy.
In the pope responded by excommunicating Henry and deposing him as German king, releasing all Christians from their oath of allegiance to him. Enforcing these declarations was a different matter, but the advantage gradually came to the side of the pope. They used religious reasons to continue the rebellion started at the First Battle of Langensalza in , and to seize royal holdings. Aristocrats claimed local lordships over peasants and property, built forts, which had previously been outlawed, and built up localized fiefdoms to secure their autonomy from the empire.
The Investiture Controversy continued for several decades as each succeeding pope tried to diminish imperial power by stirring up revolt in Germany. These revolts were gradually successful. Henry IV was succeeded upon his death in by his son Henry V, who had rebelled against his father in favor of the papacy, and who had made his father renounce the legality of his antipopes before he died.
Later, he renounced some of the rights of investiture with the Concordat of Worms, abandoned Gregory, and was received back into communion and recognized as legitimate emperor as a result. Henry IV. After fifty years of fighting, the Concordat of Worms provided a lasting compromise when it was signed on September 23, It eliminated lay investiture while leaving secular leaders some room for unofficial but significant influence in the appointment process.
The emperor renounced the right to invest ecclesiastics with ring and crosier, the symbols of their spiritual power, and guaranteed election by the canons of cathedral or abbey and free consecration. The Concordat of Worms brought an end to the first phase of the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman emperors, and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia In part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the church and the European sovereigns over political control within their domains.
While the monarchy was embroiled in the dispute with the church, it declined in power and broke apart. Localized rights of lordship over peasants grew. This resulted in multiple effects:.
In the long term, the decline of imperial power would divide Germany until the 19th century. However, the papacy grew stronger from the controversy. Assembling for public opinion engaged lay people in religious affairs that increased lay piety, setting the stage for the Crusades and the great religious vitality of the 12th century. The conflict did not end with the Concordat of Worms. Future disputes between popes and Holy Roman emperors continued until northern Italy was lost to the empire entirely.
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